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The Harper Collins Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques

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Human expression, ordinarily influenced past civilisation

This article is nigh the group of artistic disciplines. For the concept of art, meet Fine art. For other uses, see Art (disambiguation).

"Arts" redirects hither. For the acronym, come across ARTS.

The arts are a very wide range of human practices of artistic expression, storytelling and cultural participation. They encompass multiple diverse and plural modes of thinking, doing and being, in an extremely broad range of media. Both highly dynamic and a characteristically constant feature of human being life, they have developed into innovative, stylized and sometimes intricate forms. This is often achieved through sustained and deliberate study, training and/or theorizing within a particular tradition, across generations and even between civilizations. The arts are a vehicle through which human beings cultivate distinct social, cultural and individual identities, while transmitting values, impressions, judgments, ideas, visions, spiritual meanings, patterns of life and experiences beyond time and space.

Prominent examples of the arts include architecture, visual arts (including ceramics, drawing, filmmaking, painting, photography, and sculpting), literary arts (including fiction, drama, verse, and prose), performing arts (including trip the light fantastic toe, music, and theatre), textiles and fashion, folk art and handicraft, oral storytelling, conceptual and installation fine art, criticism, and culinary arts (including cooking, chocolate making and winemaking). They can employ skill and imagination to produce objects, performances, convey insights and experiences, and construct new environments and spaces.

The arts tin refer to common, popular or everyday practices as well as more sophisticated and systematic, or institutionalized ones. They can be discrete and self-contained, or combine and interweave with other art forms, such as the combination of artwork with the written word in comics. They can besides develop or contribute to some particular aspect of a more complex art course, as in cinematography.

By definition, the arts themselves are open to being continually re-defined. The exercise of modern art, for example, is a testament to the shifting boundaries, improvisation and experimentation, reflexive nature, and self-criticism or questioning that art and its weather condition of production, reception, and possibility tin undergo.

Equally both a means of developing capacities of attention and sensitivity, and equally ends in themselves, the arts tin simultaneously be a grade of response to the world, and a manner that our responses, and what we deem worthwhile goals or pursuits, are transformed. From prehistoric cave paintings, to ancient and gimmicky forms of ritual, to modern-day films, art has served to annals, embody and preserve our ever shifting relationships to each other and to the globe.

Definition

There are several possible meanings for the definitions of the terms Art and Arts.[a] The first pregnant of the word art is « way of doing ».[one] The well-nigh basic present meaning defines the arts every bit specific activities that produce sensitivity in humans.[2] The arts are also referred to as bringing together all creative and imaginative activities, without including scientific discipline.[b] [3] [4] In its most basic abstract definition, fine art is a documented expression of a sentient being through or on an attainable medium and then that anyone can view, hear or experience information technology. The act itself of producing an expression tin can also be referred to as a certain art, or as fine art in full general. Whether this solidified expression, or the act of producing it, is "skillful" or has value depends on those who access and rate it. Such public rating is dependent on various subjective factors. Merriam-Webster defines "the arts" as "painting, sculpture, music, theatre, literature, etc., considered as a group of activities done past people with skill and imagination."[5] Similarly, the The states Congress, in the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act, defined "the arts" as follows:

The term "the arts" includes, just is not limited to, music (instrumental and song), dance, drama, folk art, creative writing, architecture and allied fields, painting, sculpture, photography, graphic and arts and crafts arts, industrial blueprint, costume and mode design, motion pictures, television, radio, picture, video, tape and sound recording, the arts related to the presentation, performance, execution, and exhibition of such major art forms, all those traditional arts practiced by the diverse peoples of this country. (sic) and the study and application of the arts to the homo environment.[6]

Art is a global activity in which a large number of disciplines are included, such as: fine arts, liberal arts, visual arts, decorative arts, applied arts, pattern, crafts, performing arts,[3] ... We are talking almost "the arts" when several of them are mentioned: "As in all arts the enjoyment increases with the knowledge of the art".[7]

The arts can exist divided into several areas, the fine arts which join, in the broad sense, all the arts whose aim is to produce true artful pleasure,[8] decorative arts and applied arts which relate to an artful side in everyday life.[9]

History

The earliest surviving class of any of the arts are cave paintings, mayhap from 70,000 BCE, but definitely from at least 40,000 BCE.[10] The oldest known musical instrument, the purported Divje Infant Flute—made from a young cave bear femur—is dated to 43,000 and 82,000 BCE, merely whether it is truly a musical musical instrument (or an object created by animals) remains extremely controversial.[11] The earliest objects whose designations every bit musical instruments are widely accustomed are 8 bone flutes from the Swabian Jura, Germany; iii of these from the Geissenklösterle are dated as the oldest, c.  43,150–39,370 BP.[12] The primeval surviving literature appears much later; the Instructions of Shuruppak and Kesh temple hymn amongst other Sumerian cuneiform tablets, are thought to only exist from 2600 BCE.[13]

In Ancient Hellenic republic, all art and arts and crafts was referred to by the aforementioned word, techne. Thus, there was no distinction amongst the arts. Ancient Greek fine art brought the veneration of the creature form and the evolution of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions. Ancient Roman art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristic distinguishing features (e.m. Zeus' thunderbolt). In Byzantine and Gothic fine art of the Centre Ages, the dominance of the church insisted on the expression of biblical truths. Eastern fine art has by and large worked in a style akin to Western medieval art, namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour (pregnant the plain color of an object, such as bones red for a red robe, rather than the modulations of that color brought about by low-cal, shade and reflection). A feature of this mode is that the local colour is often defined past an outline (a gimmicky equivalent is the cartoon). This is axiomatic in, for case, the fine art of India, Tibet and Japan. Religious Islamic art forbids iconography, and instead expresses religious ideas through calligraphy and geometrical designs.

Classifications

In the Middle Ages, the Artes Liberales (liberal arts) were taught in universities as role of the Trivium, an introductory curriculum involving grammar, rhetoric, and logic,[14] and of the Quadrivium, a curriculum involving the "mathematical arts" of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.[15] The Artes Mechanicae (consisting of vestiaria – tailoring and weaving; agricultura – agriculture; architectura – compages and masonry; militia and venatoria – warfare, hunting, military teaching, and the martial arts; mercatura – trade; coquinaria – cooking; and metallaria – blacksmithing and metallurgy)[16] [ not specific enough to verify ] were practised and developed in guild environments. The modern distinction betwixt "creative" and "non-artistic" skills did not develop until the Renaissance. In modern academia, the arts are usually grouped with or as a subset of the humanities. Some subjects in the humanities are history, linguistics, literature, theology, philosophy, and logic.

The arts have as well been classified as seven: painting, compages, sculpture, literature, music, performing and movie theatre. Some view literature, painting, sculpture, and music every bit the main iv arts, of which the others are derivative; drama is literature with acting, trip the light fantastic is music expressed through move, and song is music with literature and voice.[17] Film is sometimes called the "8th" and comics the "ninth fine art".[18]

Visual arts

Architecture

Compages is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. The word architecture comes from the Greek arkhitekton, "master builder, director of works," from αρχι- (arkhi) "master" + τεκτων (tekton) "builder, carpenter".[xix] A wider definition would include the design of the built environs, from the macrolevel of boondocks planning, urban design, and mural architecture to the microlevel of creating article of furniture. Architectural design usually must accost both feasibility and cost for the builder, too every bit office and aesthetics for the user.

In modern usage, architecture is the art and subject field of creating, or inferring an implied or apparent program of, a complex object or system. The term can exist used to connote the implied architecture of abstruse things such as music or mathematics, the credible architecture of natural things, such equally geological formations or the structure of biological cells, or explicitly planned architectures of human-made things such every bit software, computers, enterprises, and databases, in addition to buildings. In every usage, an architecture may exist seen every bit a subjective mapping from a human perspective (that of the user in the case of abstract or concrete artifacts) to the elements or components of some kind of structure or system, which preserves the relationships amid the elements or components. Planned compages manipulates space, volume, texture, low-cal, shadow, or abstract elements in guild to achieve pleasing aesthetics. This distinguishes it from applied science or engineering, which unremarkably concentrate more on the functional and feasibility aspects of the pattern of constructions or structures.

In the field of building architecture, the skills demanded of an architect range from the more than circuitous, such equally for a hospital or a stadium, to the apparently simpler, such as planning residential houses. Many architectural works may be seen likewise equally cultural and political symbols, or works of art. The role of the architect, though changing, has been key to the successful (and sometimes less than successful) design and implementation of pleasingly congenital environments in which people alive.

Ceramics

Ceramic art is art fabricated from ceramic materials (including clay), which may take forms such equally pottery, tile, figurines, sculpture, and tableware. While some ceramic products are considered art, some are considered to be decorative, industrial, or practical fine art objects. Ceramics may also be considered artefacts in archæology. Ceramic art tin can be fabricated by one person or past a grouping of people. In a pottery or ceramic manufacturing plant, a group of people blueprint, manufacture, and decorate the pottery. Products from a pottery are sometimes referred to as "fine art pottery." In a 1-person pottery studio, ceramists or potters produce studio pottery. In modern ceramic engineering usage, "ceramics" is the art and scientific discipline of making objects from inorganic, not-metallic materials by the activeness of heat. It excludes drinking glass and mosaic fabricated from glass tesserae.

Conceptual art

Conceptual art is fine art wherein the concept(s) or thought(due south) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and textile concerns. The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused exercise of idea-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation every bit text.[20] Through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s,[21] its pop usage, particularly in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, developed every bit a synonym for all contemporary art that does not practise the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.

Drawing

Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a broad variety of tools and techniques. Information technology generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool beyond a surface. Mutual tools are graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax colour pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools which can simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are line cartoon, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a drafter, draftswoman, or draughtsman.[22] Drawing tin can be used to create art used in cultural industries such every bit illustrations, comics and animation. Comics are often chosen the "ninth art" (le neuvième art) in Francophone scholarship, calculation to the traditional "Seven Arts".[23]

Painting

Painting is a mode of creative expression, and can be done in numerous forms. Cartoon, gesture (every bit in gestural painting), composition, narration (as in narrative art), or abstraction (every bit in abstract art), among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner.[24] Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a yet life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic (as in Symbolist fine art), emotive (every bit in Expressionism), or political in nature (equally in Artivism).

Modern painters have extended the exercise considerably to include, for example, collage. Collage is not painting in the strict sense since information technology includes other materials. Some mod painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw, woods or strands of hair for their artwork texture. Examples of this are the works of Elito Circa, Jean Dubuffet or Anselm Kiefer.

Photography

Photography every bit an art form refers to photographs that are created in accordance with the creative vision of the photographer. Art photography stands in dissimilarity to photojournalism, which provides a visual account for news events, and commercial photography, the main focus of which is to annunciate products or services.

Sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in iii dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes originally used carving (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay), in stone, metallic, ceramics, forest and other materials; but since modernism, shifts in sculptural procedure led to an well-nigh complete freedom of materials and procedure. A wide diversity of materials may be worked past removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or moulded, or cast.

Literary arts

Literature is literally "associate with letters" every bit in the commencement sense given in the Oxford English language Lexicon. The noun "literature" comes from the Latin word littera meaning "an individual written character (letter)." The term has more often than not come to identify a drove of writings, which in Western civilisation are mainly prose (both fiction and non-fiction), drama and poetry. In much, if non all of the world, the creative linguistic expression tin can be oral too, and include such genres equally epic, fable, myth, ballad, other forms of oral poetry, and every bit folktale. Comics, the combination of drawings or other visual arts with narrating literature, are often called the "ninth art" (le neuvième fine art) in Francophone scholarship.[23]

Performing arts

Performing arts comprise dance, music, theatre, opera, mime, and other art forms in which a human performance is the master product. Performing arts are distinguished past this performance element in contrast with disciplines such as visual and literary arts where the production is an object that does not require a performance to be observed and experienced. Each discipline in the performing arts is temporal in nature, significant the product is performed over a period of time. Products are broadly categorized every bit being either repeatable (for example, by script or score) or improvised for each performance.[25] Artists who participate in these arts in front of an audience are called performers, including actors, magicians, comedians, dancers, musicians, and singers. Performing arts are also supported by the services of other artists or essential workers, such every bit songwriting and stagecraft. Performers oftentimes adjust their appearance with tools such every bit costume and phase makeup.

Dance

Dance (from Old French dancier, of unknown origin) more often than not refers to human movement either used as a grade of expression or presented in a social, spiritual or performance setting.[26] Dance is besides used to describe methods of not-verbal advice (see body language) betwixt humans or animals (due east.g. bee dance, mating dance), motion in inanimate objects (due east.yard. the leaves danced in the wind), and sure musical forms or genres. Choreography is the art of making dances, and the person who does this is called a choreographer. Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social, cultural, aesthetic, creative and moral constraints and range from functional motility (such as Folk trip the light fantastic) to codified, virtuoso techniques such as ballet. In sports, gymnastics, effigy skating and synchronized swimming are trip the light fantastic toe disciplines while Martial arts "kata" are often compared to dances.

Music

Music is an art form whose medium is sound and silence, occurring in fourth dimension. Mutual elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, metre, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The creation, functioning, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to civilization and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions (and their reproduction in performance) through improvisational music to aleatoric pieces. Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships betwixt music genres are frequently subtle, sometimes open up to private estimation, and occasionally controversial. Inside "the arts", music may be classified as a performing fine art, a fine art, and auditory fine art.

Theatre

Theatre or theater (from Greek theatron (θέατρον); from theasthai, "behold"[27]) is the branch of the performing arts concerned with interim out stories in front end of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, audio and spectacle – indeed, whatever one or more elements of the other performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative dialogue manner, theatre takes such forms equally opera, ballet, mime, kabuki, classical Indian trip the light fantastic, Chinese opera and mummers' plays.

Multidisciplinary creative works

Areas exist in which artistic works comprise multiple creative fields, such as moving picture, opera and performance art. While opera is frequently categorized in the performing arts of music, the word itself is Italian for "works", because opera combines several artistic disciplines in a singular artistic experience. In a typical traditional opera, the unabridged work utilizes the following: the sets (visual arts), costumes (fashion), acting (dramatic performing arts), the libretto, or the words/story (literature), and singers and an orchestra (music).

The composer Richard Wagner recognized the fusion of so many disciplines into a unmarried piece of work of opera, exemplified past his bicycle Der Band des Nibelungen ("The Band of the Nibelung"). He did not use the term opera for his works, but instead Gesamtkunstwerk ("synthesis of the arts"), sometimes referred to as "Music Drama" in English, emphasizing the literary and theatrical components which were as important as the music. Classical ballet is some other form which emerged in the 17th century in which orchestral music is combined with dance.

Other works in the late 19th, 20th and 21st centuries take fused other disciplines in unique and artistic ways, such equally operation art. Functioning art is a performance over fourth dimension which combines any number of instruments, objects, and art within a predefined or less well-defined structure, some of which tin can be improvised. Performance fine art may exist scripted, unscripted, random or advisedly organized; even audience participation may occur. John Muzzle is regarded past many as a performance artist rather than a composer, although he preferred the latter term. He did not etch for traditional ensembles. Cage'southward limerick Living Room Music composed in 1940 is a "quartet" for unspecified instruments, really non-melodic objects, which tin can exist plant in a living room of a typical firm, hence the championship.

Other arts

There is no clear line between art and civilization. Cultural fields similar gastronomy are sometimes considered as arts.[28]

Applied arts

The practical arts are the application of design and decoration to everyday, functional, objects to make them aesthetically pleasing.[29] The applied arts includes fields such as industrial pattern, analogy, and commercial fine art.[30] The term "applied fine art" is used in distinction to the fine arts, where the latter is defined as arts that aims to produce objects which are beautiful or provide intellectual stimulation but accept no principal everyday function. In practice, the 2 often overlap.

Video games

A contend exists in the fine arts and video game cultures over whether video games can be counted as an art form.[31] Game designer Hideo Kojima professes that video games are a type of service, not an art course, because they are meant to entertain and try to entertain as many people every bit possible, rather than being a single artistic voice (despite Kojima himself existence considered a gaming auteur, and the mixed opinions his games typically receive). However, he acknowledged that since video games are made up of artistic elements (for example, the visuals), game designers could be considered museum curators – not creating artistic pieces, but arranging them in a way that displays their artistry and sells tickets.

Within social sciences, cultural economists show how video games playing is conducive to the involvement in more than traditional fine art forms and cultural practices, which suggests the complementarity between video games and the arts.[32]

In May 2011, the National Endowment of the Arts included video games in its redefinition of what is considered a "piece of work of art" when applying for a grant.[33] In 2012, the Smithsonian American Art Museum presented an showroom, The Art of the Video Game.[34] Reviews of the exhibit were mixed, including questioning whether video games belong in an art museum.

Arts criticism

  • Compages criticism
  • Fine art criticism
  • Trip the light fantastic toe criticism
  • Film criticism
  • Music criticism
  • Television criticism
  • Theatre criticism
  • Literary criticism

See as well

  • Arts in didactics
  • The arts and politics

Notes

  1. ^ The term Art comes from the Latin ars, artis.
  2. ^ Historically, science has long been opposed to fine art, because art was characterised as a subject field that could not be learned (dissimilar scientific discipline).

References

  1. ^ Valéry 1935, p. 683.
  2. ^ "Définition de fifty'art" [Definition of art] (in French). Éditions Larousse. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Fine art Definition: Meaning, Classification of Visual Arts". visual-arts-cork.com. Archived from the original on xxx May 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  4. ^ "The arts definition and meaning". Collins English language Lexicon. Archived from the original on eleven July 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  5. ^ "Definition of The Arts by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on one June 2017. Retrieved xiv May 2017.
  6. ^ Van Camp 2006.
  7. ^ Hemingway 2003, p. 11.
  8. ^ "Définition de Beaux-Arts" [Definition of Fine Arts] (in French). Bayard Presse. Archived from the original on viii June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020. The fine arts include painting, sculpture, certain graphic arts and compages. Music and verse are sometimes called fine art.
  9. ^ "Définition de arts appliqués" [Definition of applied arts] (in French). L'Internaute. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved eight June 2020. The applied arts bring together nether one banner all the activities that bring an aesthetic side to everyday life. These arts are skilful by designers, who are in accuse of embellishing what surrounds the private.
  10. ^ St. Fleur 2018, p. 10.
  11. ^ Morley 2013, pp. 38–39.
  12. ^ Morley 2013, pp. 42–43.
  13. ^ Diedrich 2015, p. ane.
  14. ^ Onions, Friedrichsen & Burchfield 1991, p. 994.
  15. ^ "Quadrivium". The New International Encyclopædia. 1905 – via Wikisource. The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy.
  16. ^ In his commentary on Martianus Capella's early fifth century work, The Spousal relationship of Philology and Mercury, one of the primary sources for medieval reflection on the liberal arts
  17. ^ Rowlands & Landauer 2001.
  18. ^ Ryynänen, Max (2020). On the Philosophy of Fundamental European Art: The History of an Institution and Its Global Competitors. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 37. ISBN978-1-7936-3418-4.
  19. ^ Harper 2016.
  20. ^ LeWitt 1967, pp. 79–83.
  21. ^ Huntsman 2015, p. 221.
  22. ^ "The definition of draftsman". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  23. ^ a b Miller 2007, p. 23.
  24. ^ Perry 2014, p. 85.
  25. ^ Honderich 2006.
  26. ^ Fraleigh 1987, p. three.
  27. ^ Harper, Douglas (2001–2016). "theater (north.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  28. ^ Desai, DeSimone & Henig 2013.
  29. ^ Chilvers 2004, p. 29.
  30. ^ "Define Applied art at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  31. ^ Parker 2012, p. 42.
  32. ^ Borowiecki & Prieto-Rodriguez 2013, pp. 239–258.
  33. ^ Barber 2012.
  34. ^ Parker 2012, p. 46.

Sources

  • Chilvers, Ian (2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Art (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-860476-ane.
  • Fraleigh, Sondra Horton (1987). Dance and the Lived Body: A Descriptive Aesthetics. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN978-0-8229-7170-two.
  • Hemingway, Ernest (2003) [1932]. "one". Decease in the Afternoon (1st Scribner merchandise pbk. ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN978-0-684-85922-4.
  • Honderich, Ted (2006). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Oxford University Press. doi:x.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001. ISBN978-0-19-926479-7.
  • Huntsman, Penny (28 September 2015). Thinking Almost Fine art: A Thematic Guide to Art History. Chichester, West Sussex, U.k.: Wiley. ISBN978-1-118-90517-3.
  • Miller, Ann (2007). Reading bande dessinée : disquisitional approaches to French-linguistic communication comic strip. ISBN978-1-84150-177-2.
  • Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Development, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0-19-923408-0.
  • Onions, Charles Talbut; Friedrichsen, George Washington Salisbury; Burchfield, Robert William (1991). The Oxford dictionary of English language etymology. Oxford: at The Clarendon Press. ISBN978-0-19-861112-seven.
  • LeWitt, Solomon (June 1967). "Paragraphs on Conceptual Art". Artforum. Vol. five, no. x. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  • Borowiecki, Karol J.; Prieto-Rodriguez, Juan (2013). "Video Games Playing: A substitute for cultural consumptions?". Journal of Cultural Economic science. 39 (3): 239–258. CiteSeerXx.1.ane.676.2381. doi:ten.1007/s10824-014-9229-y. S2CID 49572910.
  • Diedrich, Cajus G. (ane April 2015). "'Neanderthal os flutes': only products of Water ice Age spotted hyena scavenging activities on cave comport cubs in European cave deport dens". Open up Science. 2 (four): 140022. Bibcode:2015RSOS....240022D. doi:10.1098/rsos.140022. PMC4448875. PMID 26064624.
  • Parker, Felan (12 December 2012). "An Art World for Artgames". Loading... seven (eleven). ISSN 1923-2691. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  • Perry, Lincoln (Summer 2014). "The Music of Painting". The American Scholar. 83 (3).
  • Hairdresser, Bonnie (sixteen Baronial 2012). "Professor Mary Flanagan Participates in White House Consortium". Darthmouth News. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  • St. Fleur, Nicholas (12 September 2018). "Oldest Known Drawing past Homo Easily Discovered in South African Cave". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved seven Apr 2020.
  • Desai, Trex; DeSimone, Frank; Henig, Sarit (20 December 2013). "The New Confront of French Gastronomy - Cognition@Wharton". knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu. Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  • "The Art of Video Games". SI.edu. Smithsonian American Fine art Museum. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  • "Conceptual fine art". Tate Glossary. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved vii March 2015.
  • "FY 2012 Arts in Media Guidelines". Endow.gov. National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  • Harper, Douglas (2016). "Origin and meaning of builder by Online Etymology Dictionary". Online Etymology Lexicon. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 29 Oct 2016.
  • Rowlands, Joseph; Landauer, Jeff (2001). "Esthetics". Importance of Philosophy. Archived from the original on sixteen April 2016. Retrieved 28 Oct 2016.
  • Van Camp, Julie (22 November 2006). "Congressional definition of "the arts"". PHIL 361I: Philosophy of Art. California State University, Long Beach. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  • Valéry, Paul (i Nov 1935). "Notion générale de l'art" [General concept of art] (PDF). Nouvelle Revue Française (in French). Vol. 24, no. 266. Paris: Éditions Gallimard. pp. 683–693. ISBN978-2-07-239508-6. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.

Further reading

  • Barron, Christina (29 April 2012). "Museum exhibit asks: Is information technology art if you lot push 'start'?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 12 Feb 2013.
  • Feynman, Richard (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Lite and Thing . Princeton Academy Press. ISBN978-0-691-02417-2.
  • Gibson, Ellie (24 Jan 2006). "Games aren't art, says Kojima". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on ix March 2015. Retrieved seven March 2015.
  • Kennicott, Philip (18 March 2012). "The Art of Video Games". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on iv June 2013. Retrieved 12 Feb 2013.

External links

  • Media related to The arts at Wikimedia Commons
  • Topic Dictionaries at Oxford Learner's Dictionaries
  • Definition of Art by Lexico

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts

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